HaloCRM – Sempulse

What Is HaloCRM™

Army Science. Wearable. At the Edge.

HaloCRM™ is Sempulse's implementation of the compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) algorithm, developed by the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), running at the tactical edge on the Sempulse Halo wearable. For the first time, more than two decades of Army hemorrhage science can travel with every casualty from the moment of injury.

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USAISR-Developed Algorithm

The CRM algorithm was developed by USAISR under the leadership of Dr. Victor A. Convertino, Senior Research Scientist and director of the Battlefield Health and Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology. Sempulse is licensing the CRM technology from USAISR to deploy it on the Halo wearable platform. The CRM science represents more than two decades of USAISR combat casualty care research.

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CRM Runs at the Edge

CRM processes locally on and adjacent to the Halo wearable, requiring no network connection or cloud round-trip to generate a result. This is essential for combat and austere environments where connectivity is unavailable, intermittent, or denied. Results are available immediately over BLE to the LiveCharts application, stored on-device with up to 17-month offline retention at 1 gigabit with data compression, and synced to Command Cloud when connectivity restores.

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Earlier Than Vital Signs Allow

Published research on the CRM algorithm demonstrates that CRM detects hemorrhage and indicates shock earlier than traditional vital signs including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation.^1,2,3 The body masks early hemorrhage and shock by activating compensatory mechanisms that keep standard vital signs normal until reserve is nearly exhausted. CRM measures the reserve being consumed, not the surface that hides it. HaloCRM™ is under FDA review.

Dr. Victor A. Convertino, Ph.D.

Senior Research Scientist, USAISR • Director, Battlefield Health and Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology

"Our research has revealed that the measurement of the compensatory reserve is the single most important indicator for early and accurate assessment of imminent shock because it represents the body's ability to adjust for the threat of inadequate oxygen in the tissues due to blood loss."

Dr. Convertino has been named a top-10 contributing author to combat casualty care literature for 2001 to 2021. He holds a Ph.D. in Physiology from the University of California, Davis, and has served as a research physiologist at NASA, the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, and USAISR since 1998. He is a Fellow of the American Physiological Society, the Aerospace Medical Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine.

Full biography and publications at USAISR.health.mil →

The Clinical Problem

Blood Pressure and Vital Signs Miss Early Hemorrhage and Shock. CRM Doesn't.

Hemorrhagic shock remains the leading cause of preventable death in both civilian trauma and battlefield settings.⁴ The core problem is that traditional vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation, fail to provide early warning because the body's own compensatory mechanisms actively hide the deterioration.

The Problem: Traditional Vital Signs

Why Blood Pressure and Vital Signs Fail Early

When blood loss begins, the body activates powerful compensatory responses: vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and fluid shifts that concentrate remaining blood near vital organs.
These compensatory responses temporarily maintain blood pressure, pulse rate, and SpO2 within normal ranges even as true reserve depletes, producing a false picture of stability.
By the time blood pressure drops and vital signs reflect clinical deterioration, the patient may already be in advanced decompensation with a narrow window for effective intervention.
Published research confirms vital signs are not sensitive for early detection because of these physiologic compensation mechanisms.^5,6
Military guidelines relying on heart rate and radial pulse strength have proven to provide little forewarning for the need to implement early intervention prior to decompensation.⁷

The Solution: Compensatory Reserve Measurement

Why CRM Detects Hemorrhage and Shock Earlier

CRM measures the physiologic reserve being actively consumed by the body's compensatory response, not the output those responses are maintaining.
Because compensatory mechanisms activate immediately at the onset of blood loss, CRM begins tracking the depletion from the start, before vital signs reflect any change.¹
Published research demonstrates CRM detects subclinical shock with more expeditious prediction for life-saving interventions than systolic blood pressure and arterial lactate.²
Ortiz et al. (2026) demonstrated an average of 18.3 minutes of advance indication of hemodynamic decompensation with a Youden's J index of 0.73 in published research.⁸
Dr. Convertino's team at USAISR has called CRM "the single most important indicator for early and accurate assessment of imminent shock."⁹

Sempulse is also actively developing continuous blood pressure monitoring for the Halo platform. While blood pressure has documented limitations as an early indicator of hemorrhage and shock, it remains an important vital sign for clinical care. The combination of blood pressure with CRM is a research-supported direction for more complete triage capability. Halo blood pressure is under FDA review and not currently cleared.

18.3

Average minutes of advance
decompensation indication⁸

0.73

Youden's J index in published
CRM validation research⁸

1,194+

Subjects across published
CRM clinical studies

20+

Years of USAISR compensatory
reserve research

Published research findings. HaloCRM™ performance claims are subject to ongoing clinical validation and FDA review. ⁸Ortiz et al., 2026, Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 14:1756626.

How It Works

From Wearable Sensor to Edge-Computed Reserve Output

Apply Halo in Under 10 Seconds

The Halo wearable applies to two proprietary body acquisition sites selected for vascular signal fidelity during motion, stress, and transport. The FDA has formally stated that extremity-based monitors are not appropriate for trauma monitoring because the body shunts blood away from extremities under physiologic stress. Halo's placement avoids this limitation. FDA-cleared vital signs begin reporting within approximately 15 seconds.

Continuous Physiologic Signal Acquisition

The Halo sensor acquires continuous physiologic data across multiple simultaneous measurement domains. This multi-system continuous signal stream is the input to the CRM algorithm. The USAISR-developed algorithm processes arterial waveform features that encode the body's compensatory response state, features that are invisible to standard vital signs measurement.

CRM Computed at the Edge

The CRM algorithm runs locally, producing a continuous compensatory reserve output expressed as a percentage from 0 to 100. No network connection is required. Results are available immediately over BLE to the LiveCharts application. This edge computation is essential for battlefield and austere environments where cloud connectivity cannot be assumed. Under FDA Review

LiveCharts Display and Command Cloud Sync

HaloCRM™ reserve data streams in real time to the LiveCharts monitoring application alongside FDA-cleared vital signs. Command Cloud aggregates data at command level for post-event Joint Trauma System review. When used with LiveMARCH™ Military Mode, CRM reserve status contributes to the within-patient MARCH threat-sort display. Under FDA Review

The Science Foundation

Two Decades of Army Hemorrhage Research

The LBNP Validation Model

The CRM algorithm was developed and validated using the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) hemorrhage model, which ASME V&V 40 has validated as physiologically equivalent to hemorrhage. This provided a rigorous, ethical basis for human hemorrhage science spanning decades of USAISR research.¹⁰

Arterial Waveform Feature Analysis

CRM is derived from features of the arterial pulse waveform that encode the sum of all compensatory mechanisms responding to hemorrhage. This waveform analysis approach allows non-invasive, continuous measurement that reflects the underlying physiologic reserve, not just the surface outputs that vital signs capture.¹

Machine Learning at the Core

CRM uses machine learning algorithms trained on the LBNP dataset to estimate physiological compensation state in real time. USAISR and Soldier DEVCOM CBRND have actively supported the development and fielding research for CRM-based monitoring technology.

Published Research

A Two-Decade Body of Independent Evidence

The compensatory reserve science behind HaloCRM™ is among the most extensively published topics in combat casualty care research. The evidence spans hemorrhage detection, shock prediction, prolonged field care, combat medic usability, and emergency department trauma populations.

Convertino et al., 2021

CRM Detects Subclinical Shock Earlier Than BP and Lactate

A prospective observational study of 205 trauma patients at a Level I trauma facility demonstrated that CRM identifies subclinical phases of shock with more expeditious prediction for life-saving interventions than systolic blood pressure and arterial lactate.

Convertino VA et al. Transfusion. 2021;61:S167-S173.

Ortiz et al., 2026

18.3-Minute Average Advance Decompensation Indication

Real-time implementation of CRM in a human hemorrhagic shock model demonstrated an average of 18.3 minutes of advance indication of hemodynamic decompensation with a Youden's J index of 0.73 in ambulatory settings. The study specifically addressed CRM's potential in prolonged field care scenarios.

Ortiz et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2026;14:1756626.

Convertino & Cardin, 2022

Battlefield Applicability Review: CRM vs. Vital Signs

A comprehensive review of clinical applicability confirmed that CRM provides greater accuracy and earlier hemorrhage detection than standard vital signs, with consistently greater sensitivity due to its ability to detect hemorrhage before compensatory mechanisms are exhausted.

Convertino VA, Cardin S. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(2S):S147-S154.

Koons et al., 2020

Combat Medic Testing of CRM for Hemorrhage Detection

USAISR research evaluated CRM as a novel monitoring capability for early hemorrhage detection by combat medics, demonstrating that standard field protocols relying on vital signs provide little forewarning before decompensation, and that CRM addresses this gap.

Koons NJ et al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(2S):S146-S152.

Schauer et al., 2021

CRM Efficacy in Emergency Department Trauma Populations

A prospective study capturing vital signs and arterial waveform data from trauma patients meeting major activation criteria demonstrated that CRM was significantly lower in patients who received life-saving interventions, and that CRM recovered after intervention was performed.

Schauer SG et al. Transfusion. 2021;61:S174-S182.

Convertino & Koons, 2020

CRM for Goal-Directed Whole Blood Resuscitation

Research on non-human primates demonstrated CRM is linearly related to oxygen delivery during controlled hemorrhage and resuscitation, establishing its potential to guide resuscitation targets more accurately than systolic blood pressure doctrine.

Convertino VA, Koons NJ. Transfusion. 2020;60:S150-S157.

Hinojosa-Laborde et al., 2014

LBNP Validated as Hemorrhage Equivalent Model

USAISR research formally validated the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) model as an experimental equivalent of hemorrhage, establishing the scientific foundation for two decades of CRM algorithm training and validation data.

Hinojosa-Laborde C et al. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116:406-415.

Convertino et al., 2020

Validating Clinical Threshold Values for Hemorrhage Detection

A study validating clinical threshold values for CRM in hemorrhage detection confirmed that the dashboard view of CRM data provides actionable clinical thresholds for combat medics and emergency providers assessing bleeding casualties.

Convertino VA et al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(2S):S169-S174.

Moulton et al., 2013

Running on Empty: The Compensatory Reserve Index

The foundational paper introducing the compensatory reserve concept as a clinical monitoring tool, demonstrating that CRI detected low-volume blood loss that traditional vital signs missed entirely, establishing the "running on empty" gas gauge analogy that has guided CRM communication since.

Moulton SL et al. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:1053-1059.

Citations reflect the published scientific evidence base for compensatory reserve monitoring. HaloCRM™ performance claims are subject to ongoing clinical validation and FDA review. Content paraphrased from published sources.

Next Generation

Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™: The Platform Evolves

HaloCRM™ establishes the compensatory reserve monitoring foundation at the tactical edge. Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™ (CRD™) is Sempulse's next-generation platform, introducing the Compensatory Reserve Score™ (CRS™) for enhanced clinical resolution across a broader range of care settings and populations.

From Monitoring to Diagnostics

HaloCRM™ delivers continuous compensatory reserve measurement as an adjunctive indicator of cardiovascular status. Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™ (CRD™) extends this foundation, with the Compensatory Reserve Score™ (CRS™) providing a refined output designed to offer enhanced clinical resolution across the full spectrum of physiologic reserve status.

The Compensatory Reserve Score™ (CRS™) represents a meaningful evolution in how CRM data is presented and interpreted at the point of care, designed to make the underlying physiologic signal more actionable for providers operating under pressure in field and clinical settings.

The CRD™ platform is architected to grow with the clinical evidence base: as FDA review expands cleared indications, CRD™ provides the structure to surface clinically relevant data across broader populations and care environments, building on the USAISR research foundation.

All CRD™ and CRS™ features are applied-for trademarks of Sempulse Corporation, under FDA review, and not currently FDA-cleared.

CRD™ Platform

Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™

Under FDA review. Target capabilities include:

Compensatory Reserve Score™ (CRS™): refined output providing enhanced clinical resolution in cardiovascular status assessment
Expanded indication pursuit: ambulatory conditions, motion, trauma patients, and broader age ranges beyond the original CRI predicate scope
Integration with LiveMARCH™ Military Mode for MARCH assessment support in TCCC and prolonged field care settings
Longitudinal reserve trending to support extended casualty management in austere and resource-constrained environments
Multi-patient aggregate reserve monitoring through LiveCharts for MASCAL and mass casualty triage support
Command Cloud and Joint Trauma System pipeline for population-level clinical research and continuous improvement

All listed capabilities under FDA review. Not FDA-cleared.

Platform

HaloCRM™ in the Sempulse Ecosystem

HaloCRM™ is a capability layer within the Sempulse platform, integrated with the FDA-cleared Halo hardware, LiveCharts monitoring application, and Command Cloud analytics pipeline.

Sempulse Halo Monitor

FDA-cleared wearable vital signs sensor. 17g, IP67, MIL-STD-810 validated. Up to 110-hour battery. Applies in under 10 seconds. BLE 5.0 Long Range. 1 gigabit storage with up to 17-month offline retention with data compression. IFAK-compatible.

LiveCharts Application

Multi-patient real-time monitoring app. Displays HaloCRM™ reserve data alongside FDA-cleared vital signs. Across-patient acuity sort. LiveMARCH™ Military Mode for TCCC. Works fully offline. (HaloCRM™ features under FDA review.)

Command Cloud

Secure cloud data aggregation. Command-level reserve and vital signs visibility. JTS AAR submission. ATAK and NGC2 integration. De-identified population data supports the ongoing clinical validation program.

LiveMARCH™ Integration

In Military Mode, HaloCRM™ reserve data contributes to the LiveMARCH™ within-patient MARCH threat-sort display, surfacing the highest-deterioration assessment priority first. Both HaloCRM™ and LiveMARCH™ are under FDA review.

TCCC Documentation

HaloCRM™ reserve data is captured in the live patient record, which generates DD Form 1380, 9-Line MEDEVAC, MIST handoff, PFC card, and JTS AAR at handoff. Physiologic history including reserve trend travels with the casualty through every echelon.

Blood Pressure: In Development

Sempulse is actively developing continuous blood pressure monitoring for the Halo platform. Blood pressure combined with CRM is a research-supported direction for more complete hemorrhage and shock assessment. Halo NIBP is under FDA review and not currently cleared.

The Research Arc

From USAISR Science to Fielded Wearable

More than two decades of Army research, now running at the edge on a 17-gram wearable.

Foundation

USAISR CRM Science

Dr. Convertino and the USAISR Battlefield Health and Trauma Center develop and publish the compensatory reserve science across more than 1,194 subjects at six or more independent research sites. LBNP model validated. CRI predicate cleared (K173929).

Current

HaloCRM™ at the Edge

Sempulse licenses CRM from USAISR and deploys it on the Halo wearable, running at the tactical edge without network dependency. Halo FDA-cleared (K232495). HaloCRM™ and CRD™ under FDA review. Active clinical validation and MTEC-funded research underway.

Target

Full Platform Clearance

Expanded indication clearance for HaloCRM™ targeting ambulatory conditions, trauma patients, and broader age ranges. CRD™ and CRS™ clearance. Blood pressure clearance. FDA timelines are not guaranteed; Sempulse is actively pursuing all pathways.

Frequently Asked Questions

HaloCRM™, Compensatory Reserve, and Battlefield Triage

Answers to the most common questions from military medical professionals, TCCC instructors, trauma researchers, prolonged field care providers, combat medics, emergency medicine practitioners, and defense acquisition teams.

What is HaloCRM™ and where does the technology come from? +

HaloCRM™ is Sempulse's implementation of the compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) algorithm, developed by the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) under the leadership of Dr. Victor A. Convertino, Senior Research Scientist and director of the Battlefield Health and Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology. Sempulse is licensing the CRM technology from USAISR to bring it to the Halo wearable platform, running at the tactical edge without a network dependency.

The CRM science represents more than two decades of USAISR combat casualty care research validated across more than 1,194 published subjects at six or more independent research sites. Dr. Convertino's full biography and publication list are available at usaisr.health.mil. HaloCRM™ is under FDA review and not currently FDA-cleared.

Can CRM detect hemorrhage earlier than traditional vital signs? +

Yes. Published peer-reviewed research demonstrates that CRM detects hemorrhage significantly earlier than traditional vital signs including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. The body's compensatory mechanisms maintain standard vital signs within normal ranges during early hemorrhage, actively masking the true degree of blood loss. CRM measures the physiologic reserve being consumed by those compensatory mechanisms, providing detection of hemorrhage before standard vital signs reflect it.

Convertino and Cardin (J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2022) confirmed that CRM provides earlier hemorrhage detection with greater sensitivity than vital signs due to its ability to measure the compensation response rather than the surface outputs it maintains. The HaloCRM™ implementation of this capability is under FDA review and not currently FDA-cleared. References to CRM detecting hemorrhage reflect the published literature on the underlying algorithm.

Can CRM diagnose shock earlier than blood pressure and vital signs? +

Published research demonstrates that CRM diagnoses subclinical shock significantly earlier than traditional vital signs and blood pressure. Convertino et al. (Transfusion, 2021) conducted a prospective observational study of 205 trauma patients at a Level I trauma facility, demonstrating that CRM identifies subclinical shock with more expeditious prediction for need of life-saving interventions compared to systolic blood pressure and arterial lactate.

Blood pressure can remain within normal ranges during early and subclinical shock because the body's compensatory response actively maintains it. CRM measures the reserve being consumed by that response, not the blood pressure it is sustaining. Dr. Convertino has described CRM as "the single most important indicator for early and accurate assessment of imminent shock." HaloCRM™ is under FDA review; these published findings describe the underlying algorithm's documented performance.

Why do blood pressure and traditional vital signs fail to detect early hemorrhage? +

When blood loss begins, the body activates powerful compensatory mechanisms: vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and fluid shifts that concentrate remaining blood near the heart, brain, and vital organs. These responses temporarily maintain blood pressure, pulse rate, and SpO2 within normal ranges even as true cardiovascular reserve depletes, producing a misleading picture of stability.

By the time blood pressure drops and vital signs show clinical deterioration, the patient may already be in advanced decompensation with a narrow window for effective intervention. Published research confirms vital signs including blood pressure are not sensitive for early hemorrhage detection because of these compensation mechanisms (Convertino et al., Transfusion, 2021; Gupta et al., Biosensors, 2022). Military guidelines relying on heart rate and radial pulse strength have been shown to provide little forewarning before decompensation (Koons et al., J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2020).

Who developed the CRM algorithm and what is the USAISR research background? +

The CRM algorithm was developed by USAISR, primarily under the leadership of Dr. Victor A. Convertino, Senior Research Scientist and director of the Battlefield Health and Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology. Dr. Convertino holds a Ph.D. in Physiology from the University of California, Davis, and has served as a research physiologist at NASA, the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, and USAISR since 1998.

He has been named a top-10 contributing author to combat casualty care literature for 2001 to 2021, and is a Fellow of the American Physiological Society, the Aerospace Medical Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine. USAISR and Soldier DEVCOM CBRND have both supported the development and fielding research program for CRM-based monitoring technology. Dr. Convertino's full biography, career chronology, and publication list are at usaisr.health.mil/index.cfm/about/leadership/senior_scientist.

What is the LBNP hemorrhage model and why does it matter for CRM validation? +

Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is a controlled experimental model that simulates the physiologic effects of hemorrhage by applying negative pressure to the lower body, drawing blood away from the central circulation. ASME V&V 40 has validated the LBNP model as physiologically equivalent to hemorrhage, providing a rigorous, ethical basis for human hemorrhage research without actual blood loss.

The CRM algorithm was developed and trained across more than two decades of LBNP studies at USAISR. Hinojosa-Laborde et al. (J Appl Physiol, 2014) formally validated LBNP as an experimental model of hemorrhage. This LBNP foundation is the scientific basis for CRM's ability to generalize from laboratory hemorrhage simulation to clinical trauma populations.

What is Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™ (CRD™) and the Compensatory Reserve Score™ (CRS™)? +

Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™ (CRD™) is Sempulse's next-generation platform that builds on the HaloCRM™ compensatory reserve monitoring foundation. CRD™ introduces the Compensatory Reserve Score™ (CRS™), a refined output designed to provide enhanced clinical resolution in cardiovascular status assessment across the full spectrum of physiologic reserve. CRS™ is designed to make CRM data more actionable for providers in field and clinical settings.

All CRD™ and CRS™ features are applied-for trademarks of Sempulse Corporation, under FDA review, and not currently FDA-cleared.

How does HaloCRM™ support prolonged field care (PFC) and austere medicine? +

Prolonged field care and austere medicine environments are defined by extended time to definitive care, limited resources, and intermittent direct observation, exactly the conditions where a slowly deteriorating compensatory reserve can be missed until decompensation becomes irreversible. HaloCRM™ continuous edge-computed reserve monitoring provides physiologic status awareness even when direct provider assessment is intermittent.

Ortiz et al. (Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2026) specifically addressed CRM's potential in prolonged field care scenarios, demonstrating that CRM enables rapid assessment of hemorrhage risk in PFC settings where continuous physiologic reserve monitoring can limit potentially preventable deaths. The Halo's up to 110-hour battery life and offline data retention of up to 17 months at 1 gigabit with data compression make it suited to extended-duration deployments. HaloCRM™ is under FDA review.

What does it mean that HaloCRM™ runs CRM at the edge? +

Running CRM at the edge means the compensatory reserve algorithm processes on or directly adjacent to the Halo wearable device, without requiring network connectivity or cloud processing to generate a result. This is essential for combat and austere environments where cellular, satellite, or tactical network connectivity is unavailable, intermittent, or deliberately denied.

CRM results are available immediately over BLE to the LiveCharts application on the medic's phone or tablet, stored on-device for up to 17 months at 1 gigabit with data compression, and synced to Command Cloud when connectivity is restored. Edge processing eliminates the latency and connectivity dependency that would make cloud-dependent CRM impractical in most combat medicine and austere environment settings where HaloCRM™ is designed to operate.

Is Sempulse working on blood pressure monitoring for the Halo platform? +

Yes. Blood pressure is among the capabilities Sempulse is actively developing for the Halo platform, including non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring. This capability is under FDA review and not currently cleared.

While blood pressure has well-documented limitations as an early indicator of hemorrhage and shock due to the body's compensatory mechanisms, it remains an important vital sign in clinical and field care. Research supports that the combination of continuous blood pressure monitoring with CRM provides a more complete picture of patient status than either parameter alone. Sempulse's development roadmap targets blood pressure as a key element of the full Halo monitoring platform.

How can my unit, research institution, or agency access HaloCRM™? +

Sempulse works with U.S. military units, government agencies, Soldier DEVCOM CBRND, USAISR research partners, allied defense organizations, research institutions, and emergency response organizations. The Sempulse Halo platform is FDA-cleared for vital signs monitoring and is fielded across military and civilian care environments. HaloCRM™ and CRD™ features are under FDA review and available to qualified evaluators and research partners on a program-specific basis.

To discuss evaluation programs, procurement, clinical research collaboration, or regulatory documentation, contact Sempulse Corporation through sempulse.com.

References

Published Sources

All clinical and scientific claims on this page are grounded in peer-reviewed published research. Key sources are listed below. HaloCRM™ is under FDA review; references to CRM detecting hemorrhage or indicating shock describe the performance of the underlying published algorithm.

1. Convertino VA, Koons NJ. The compensatory reserve: potential for accurate individualized goal-directed whole blood resuscitation. Transfusion. 2020;60:S150-S157. onlinelibrary.wiley.com

2. Convertino VA, Johnson MC, Alarhayem A, et al. Compensatory reserve detects subclinical phases of shock with more expeditious prediction for need of life-saving interventions compared to vital signs and arterial lactate. Transfusion. 2021;61:S167-S173. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269439

3. Gupta JF, Arshad SH, Telfer BA, Snider EJ, Convertino VA. Feature importance analysis for compensatory reserve to predict hemorrhagic shock. Biosensors. 2022;12(12):1168. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36551134

4. Convertino VA, Cardin S. Advanced medical monitoring for the battlefield: a review on clinical applicability of compensatory reserve measurements for early and accurate hemorrhage detection. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(2S):S147-S154. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271546

5. Schauer SG, April MD, Arana AA, et al. Efficacy of the compensatory reserve measurement in an emergency department trauma population. Transfusion. 2021;61:S174-S182. onlinelibrary.wiley.com

6. Convertino VA, Wampler MR, Johnson MC, et al. Validating clinical threshold values for a dashboard view of the compensatory reserve measurement for hemorrhage detection. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(2S):S169-S174.

7. Koons NJ, Owens GA, Parsons DL, et al. Compensatory reserve: a novel monitoring capability for early detection of hemorrhage by combat medics. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;89(2S):S146-S152. journals.lww.com

8. Ortiz et al. Experimental evaluation of a real-time implementation of compensatory reserve measurement in a human model of hemorrhagic shock. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2026;14:1756626. frontiersin.org

9. U.S. Army / MRDC. Tiny life-saving device receives FDA clearance (Dr. Convertino quote). Army.mil. 2017. army.mil

10. Hinojosa-Laborde C, Shade RE, Muniz GW, et al. Validation of lower body negative pressure as an experimental model of hemorrhage. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116:406-415.

11. Moulton SL, Mulligan J, Grudic GZ, Convertino VA. Running on empty? The compensatory reserve index. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:1053-1059.

12. Dr. Victor A. Convertino biography and publications. U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research. usaisr.health.mil/index.cfm/about/leadership/senior_scientist

Get in Touch

Ready to Learn More About HaloCRM™?

Contact Sempulse to discuss HaloCRM™ evaluation, the Halo platform, clinical research collaboration with USAISR-affiliated programs, or Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™ (CRD™) access.

Contact Sempulse Dr. Convertino at USAISR

HaloCRM™, Compensatory Reserve Diagnostics™ (CRD™), and Compensatory Reserve Score™ (CRS™) are applied-for trademarks of Sempulse Corporation. All listed features are under FDA review and not FDA-cleared. The Sempulse Halo monitor is FDA-cleared under K232495. References to CRM detecting hemorrhage or diagnosing shock earlier than vital signs reflect the published scientific literature on the underlying USAISR-developed algorithm and are not cleared performance claims for HaloCRM™.